Scalping
Scalping is an extreme intraday trading strategy where positions are held for very brief periods — often just seconds to a few minutes — with the goal of profiting from tiny price movements (often 1–5 cents per share) and bid-ask spread narrowing. Scalpers typically trade high volumes to build small profits into meaningful returns.
For slightly longer holding periods, see day-trading. For short-to-medium-term, see swing trading. For longer-term trading, see position trading.
How scalping works
A scalper monitors real-time order flow and price:
- Identifies a setup. A stock with tight bid-ask spread, high volume, and visible imbalances in buying/selling pressure.
- Enters quickly. Buys 100 shares at $50.01 (the ask), hoping for an immediate uptick.
- Exits fast. If the stock ticks to $50.03, sells at $50.02 (the bid), capturing a $0.01 gain, or $1 total on 100 shares.
- Repeats. Executes 50–100+ of these trades daily, accumulating small gains.
The math: If a scalper executes 100 trades daily with a $0.50 average profit per trade, that’s $50 of gross profit daily. Minus commissions and slippage, net might be $20–30 daily, or $5,000–7,500 monthly.
Challenges
- Commissions and spreads. Even with zero-commission brokers, bid-ask spreads are a direct cost. In a $50 stock, a 1-cent spread = 0.002% per round-trip. Do 100 trades and you’ve lost 0.2% of capital.
- Slippage. The stock you want to buy at $50.01 may be $50.02 by the time your order fills; the stock you want to sell at $50.02 may be $50.01. Slippage compounds.
- Leverage risk. Many scalpers use leverage (margin) to amplify profits. A 2:1 leverage scalping strategy that loses money is doubly painful.
- Technology cost. Professional scalping requires real-time data, direct market access, advanced charting, and fast internet — costs of $100–500+ monthly.
- Psychological stress. The intense focus required and the frequency of micro-losses is mentally exhausting.
- Regulatory timing. Data latency, order routing, or system delays can turn a winning scalp into a loss.
Institutional versus retail scalping
Institutional scalping (used by proprietary traders and market makers) is profitable because they have:
- Microsecond-speed technology and proprietary order-routing.
- Co-located servers at exchanges for minimal latency.
- Zero or negative commissions (they provide liquidity and earn rebates).
- Capital and risk management resources.
Retail scalping faces all the costs and none of the advantages, making it nearly impossible to be profitable.
See also
Closely related
- Day-trading — slightly longer holding period
- Swing-trading — longer still
- Position trading — multi-day to multi-week
- Technical analysis — entry-exit methodology
- Market-making — similar to scalping
Wider context
- Stock — the underlying instrument
- Bid-ask spread — the scalper’s primary cost
- Volatility — intraday price movement
- Stock exchange — the venue